COSMOS

Thursday, 19 February 2015

The Elegant Universe : ( Part 3 of 3 ) .

Part - 3 of 3 ( Welcome to the 11 th Dimension ) .

How to control space and time ?

All the things are made up of tiny strings .
When we bend space-time we can create wormholes .

Wormhole formed by tearing the fabric of space-time and connecting it .

" According to String theory Einstein was not always right . "

Rips in space-time fabric . ripping a hole in the space-time continuum

Rips in space - time fabric .
" Strings can protect the rips in the space-time fabric ."

What are the hidden dimensions ?
There are tiny strings vibrating inside Quarks .

Different types of vibrations of strings gives different types of matter.

Its necessary to master vibrations of strings .

" *** There were 5 types of strings theory ? "

Edward witten :- A conference held in 1995 .
He gave new prospective of string theory .
Edward said its just " 5 different ways of looking the same theory " .

Here comes the new " M-Theory " .

Normally there are 10 dimensions .

1 time dimension ( T )
3 spacial dimension . ( X , Y, Z )
6 other small-scale dimensions ( Microscopic )

3 spacial dimensions (X , Y, Z ) .

4 th dimension Time ( T )

6 dimension Calabi Yau space structure ( Microscopic ) .

But according to M- Theory there are 11 - Dimensions .

When there are more dimensions there are more degrees of freedom .

When strings are stretched they form membrane (or) brane .

This was a 3-dimensional approach .
These had a lot of energy and thus had a large size ( size of the Universe )
High dimension of space.

Consider a dough of bread .

Dough of bread .

Slices of bread .

Here one slice may form one UNIVERSE .

Consider this as a UNIVERSE .

Consider these Parallel slices of bread as parallel UNIVERSES . ( Extra dimensions ) .

Parallel slices of bread .

Considering these slices of bread these forms extra dimensions .

Newtons gravity " Apple " -> An important force of Nature . ( G ) .

Magnets has E.M ( Electro magnetic ) force .

E.M >>> G

1 X 10 ^ 39 >>> 1

E.M is greater then Gravity by 1 followed by 39 zeros .

Why can't we feel strength of Gravity ?

Snooker .

While playing snooker the sound waves are produced that are like gravity waves .

Why Gravity was so different ?

Strings are tied to 3 - Dimensional membrane .

Open and closed strings .

Strings encircling Graviton .

Graviton appears in other dimensions and hence is weak in the present dimension .

Hence Gravity is very weak in present dimensions .

At the instant of Big - bang all physical laws breakdown .

Physical laws breakdown at the instant of big bang .

It is sometimes suggested that Big-band did not happen at all by String - theory .

Membrane Universes ( Parallel ) .

When these membrane collide then BIG-BANG occurs , because energy of collision should go somewhere .

Colliding membranes .

They collide many times and hence many times Big - bang occurred .

Can string theory solve Big - bang ?

Detecting the evidence of Strings .

In FERMI-LAB , Atom smashers .

Atoms collide to give Graviton .

FERMI - LAB :- Located in the border of France and Switzerland .

FERMI - LAB

CERN :- Atom smasher .

It is 7 times stronger than FERMI - LAB .

CERN : - LHC ( large hadron collider )

*** Super - symmetry .

In particle physics, super symmetry (SUSY) is a proposed extension of spacetime symmetry that relates two basic classes of elementary particles:bosons, which have an integer-valued spin, and fermions, which have a half-integer spin.^[1] Each particle from one group is associated with a particle from the other, called its super partner, whose spin differs by a half-integer. In a theory with perfectly unbroken super symmetry,

Each pair of super partners shares the same mass and internal quantum numbers besides spin .

Since no super partners have been observed yet, super symmetry must be a spontaneously broken symmetry if it exists .

If super symmetry is a true symmetry of nature, it would explain many mysterious features of particle physics and would help solve paradoxes such as the cosmological constant problem .

Do sparticles exists ?

FERMI v/s CERN .

Still we need 10 - 20 years for clear understanding of atom - smashers .

Is still string - theory right (or) wrong ?

Still how many years to wait ?

Everytime we looked closer to UNIVERSE we discovered new truth .

String theory , Extra - dimensions , sparticles . etc ........

Part - 2 of 3 ( Strings the Thing )

String theory is a lot stranger .

Here tiny bits of strings are vibrating energy .

Strings the thing .

Quantum cafe : Here we can order one thing and get another .

Two theories always describe the Universe .

1) General relativity :- All the big things in Universe ( G . R ) .

2) Quantum mechanics :- All the small things in Universe ( Q . M ) .

How to unite both Quantum mechanics and General relativity ?

General relativity (G.R) : - Space-time fabric .

Quantum Mechanics (Q.M) :- Space-time fabric twisted ( bumping ) .

General relativity (G.R) :- Gravity is the force .

Quantum mechanics (Q.M) :- Strong nuclear force (S.N.F) present in the nucleus .

Electromagnetic force (E.M) present in the electricity .

Weak nuclear force (W.N.F) present in Radioactivity .

In the heart of every bit (or) matter there is vibrating energy called strings which determines properties of matter .

There are no experiment to confirm the existence of " String theory " .

In 1968 :- Gabriele Veneziano discovered strong nuclear force ( S.N.F ) .

Around 200 years old there was an equation called Leonhard Euler equation which gave birth to String theory .

Leonard Susskind discovered strings .

In olden days new particles where discovered by smashing atoms .

Messenger particles :- Acts between two different energies (or) forces .

When we move backwards on the cosmic-scale we get.

E.M + S.N.F --- Super force .

Quantum mechanics :- How all the matter behaves .

In 1972 John Henry Schwarz gave mass less particles which had anomalies .

" Strings described gravity at Quantum world ."

Anomalies of quantum world solved in 1984 when they mathematically obtained L.H.S and R.H.S of an equation correctly , where n = 496 .

Cosmic symphony . ( Extra dimension ) .

In 1919 they found extra dimensions .

When we shrink to a smallest size we find other dimensions .

Extra dimensions -> Microscopic small .

Microscopic 6 - dimensional Calabi-Yau space structure .

String theory .

There are 20 constants of nature .

If we change a bit of anything then everything gets altered .

Constants of Universe .

In 1985 it was discovered there are 5 types of strings .

5 - Types of string theory .

Now the question arrived that which one to follow .

Which is correct ?

Part - 1 of 3 ( Einstein's Dream ) .

Einstein's unfinished dream ->

Einstein spent his last 30 years for working on the " Theory of everything " ( which would unify all laws of Universe ) .

Einstein's desk hours after he died and Unified field theory .

Was is string theory ?

Parallel Universes and 11- Dimensions ?

String theory .

Tiny strings .

Strings are the tiny constituents of every matter .

Strings produce music and every matter is made up of tiny strings .

These tiny strings vibrate to make constituents of nature .

Unification .

1) When Newton saw an Apple falling he asked a question does also moon fall ?

He then unified terrestrial (Apple) and Universe (moon) into his work of Gravity "G" .

This is how Gravity works.

Apple falling . Moon revolving around earth with gravity .

2) Einstein mainly worked with light . He said speed of light is cosmic speed limit and nothing can travel faster than light .

Space and time forms a never ending fabric , sun at the center of fabric produces ripples of gravity which travels at the speed of light .

Ripples of gravity = Speed of light .

Ripples produced by gravity according to Einstein .

3) Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism with his equations .

B- Magnetic induction ., E - Electric field ., D - Electric displacement , H- Magnetic field .

J- Electric current .

" When lightning strikes , then we can check compass , the needle moves . "

*** Einstein tried to unify gravity and electromagnetism ( E.M. ) .

Morse code -> Method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones . lights (or) clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener (or) observer without special equipment's .

In 1920 's -> Neil's Bohr gave atomic model called "Bohr's atomic model".

It explained protons and neutrons .

Quantum mechanics . (Q.M.) .

Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small : the body of scientific principles that explains the behavior of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles .

In quantum world weird (mysterious) things happen . It follows uncertainty rules ( ruled by chance ) .

" Sometimes impossible things occur such as passing through the wall ."

Microscopic sub atomic world .

Quantum Cafe -> Here we can order one and get another ( its all about the probability ) .

.....Einstein then said one of the famous words " God does not throw dice " .

Einstein dint accept the idea of the " world of probability ( ruled by chance ) ."

In 1930's -> Two new forces came they were ,

1) Strong nuclear force (S.N.F.) , and

2) Weak nuclear force (W.N.F.) .

After these forces came -> E.M + S.N.F + W.N.F .

Gravity became a weak force and was overthrown .

" These new forces introduced nuclear bomb ( Nuclear fission and fusion at sub atomic level ) ."

Now two areas / field came which were need to be unified , they were :

" E.M + S.N.F + W.N.F " <--------> " G "

Quantum mechanics General relativity

In 1916 -> Black holes were discovered by " Karl Schwarzschild "

Black hole Black hole with corona .

At the center of black holes it is infinitely small so Quantum mechanics can be used .

But it is very heavy so relativity must be used .

If we have to use both then it will produce absurd (or) meaningless results , but Universe isn't meaningless .

Here comes the " STRING THEORY ( Vibrating strings ) ."

DARK MATTER .

DARK MATTER - fantasy (or) real ......!!!!!

Dark matter has always fascinated humans for its invisible occurrence .

Some think they are made up of :-

MACHO s (short for Massive Compact Halo Object ) .
Neutrinos ( Hot nonbaryonic matter ) .
WIMPS ( Weakly interacting massive objects ) .

Most fruitful example for its existence is the Coma cluster .

                                                                  COMA CLUSTER .

         Gravitational anomalies were considered to be indicative of unobserved mass ( Dark matter ) . They violated basic Newtonian gravity , galaxies of the Coma Cluster were moving too fast for the cluster to be bound together by the visible matter of its galaxies .
          About 90% of the mass of the Coma cluster is believed to be in the form of dark matter .

It is believed the invisible matter that we observe in this vast UNIVERSE is dark matter .
        Dark matter is estimated to constitute 84.5% of the total matter in the Universe .

Gravitational lensing .

A gravitational lens refers to a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source, as it travels towards the observer.

This was first seen in a quasar lensed by a galaxy in 1979. More commonly , the huge dark matter concentrations in clusters of galaxies create typical bending angles of 30 arcseconds , and multiple highly distorted images of a fortuitously aligned background source galaxy .