COSMOS

Thursday, 19 February 2015

The Elegant Universe . ( Part 2 of 3 )

Part - 2 of 3 ( Strings the Thing )

String theory is a lot stranger .

Here tiny bits of strings are vibrating energy .

Strings the thing .

Quantum cafe : Here we can order one thing and get another .

Two theories always describe the Universe .

1) General relativity :- All the big things in Universe ( G . R ) .

2) Quantum mechanics :- All the small things in Universe ( Q . M ) .

How to unite both Quantum mechanics and General relativity ?

General relativity (G.R) : - Space-time fabric .

Quantum Mechanics (Q.M) :- Space-time fabric twisted ( bumping ) .

General relativity (G.R) :- Gravity is the force .

Quantum mechanics (Q.M) :- Strong nuclear force (S.N.F) present in the nucleus .

Electromagnetic force (E.M) present in the electricity .

Weak nuclear force (W.N.F) present in Radioactivity .

In the heart of every bit (or) matter there is vibrating energy called strings which determines properties of matter .

There are no experiment to confirm the existence of " String theory " .

In 1968 :- Gabriele Veneziano discovered strong nuclear force ( S.N.F ) .

Around 200 years old there was an equation called Leonhard Euler equation which gave birth to String theory .

Leonard Susskind discovered strings .

In olden days new particles where discovered by smashing atoms .

Messenger particles :- Acts between two different energies (or) forces .

When we move backwards on the cosmic-scale we get.

E.M + S.N.F --- Super force .

Quantum mechanics :- How all the matter behaves .

In 1972 John Henry Schwarz gave mass less particles which had anomalies .

" Strings described gravity at Quantum world ."

Anomalies of quantum world solved in 1984 when they mathematically obtained L.H.S and R.H.S of an equation correctly , where n = 496 .

Cosmic symphony . ( Extra dimension ) .

In 1919 they found extra dimensions .

When we shrink to a smallest size we find other dimensions .

Extra dimensions -> Microscopic small .

Microscopic 6 - dimensional Calabi-Yau space structure .

String theory .

There are 20 constants of nature .

If we change a bit of anything then everything gets altered .

Constants of Universe .

In 1985 it was discovered there are 5 types of strings .

5 - Types of string theory .

Now the question arrived that which one to follow .

Which is correct ?

Part - 1 of 3 ( Einstein's Dream ) .

Einstein's unfinished dream ->

Einstein spent his last 30 years for working on the " Theory of everything " ( which would unify all laws of Universe ) .

Einstein's desk hours after he died and Unified field theory .

Was is string theory ?

Parallel Universes and 11- Dimensions ?

String theory .

Tiny strings .

Strings are the tiny constituents of every matter .

Strings produce music and every matter is made up of tiny strings .

These tiny strings vibrate to make constituents of nature .

Unification .

1) When Newton saw an Apple falling he asked a question does also moon fall ?

He then unified terrestrial (Apple) and Universe (moon) into his work of Gravity "G" .

This is how Gravity works.

Apple falling . Moon revolving around earth with gravity .

2) Einstein mainly worked with light . He said speed of light is cosmic speed limit and nothing can travel faster than light .

Space and time forms a never ending fabric , sun at the center of fabric produces ripples of gravity which travels at the speed of light .

Ripples of gravity = Speed of light .

Ripples produced by gravity according to Einstein .

3) Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism with his equations .

B- Magnetic induction ., E - Electric field ., D - Electric displacement , H- Magnetic field .

J- Electric current .

" When lightning strikes , then we can check compass , the needle moves . "

*** Einstein tried to unify gravity and electromagnetism ( E.M. ) .

Morse code -> Method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones . lights (or) clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener (or) observer without special equipment's .

In 1920 's -> Neil's Bohr gave atomic model called "Bohr's atomic model".

It explained protons and neutrons .

Quantum mechanics . (Q.M.) .

Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small : the body of scientific principles that explains the behavior of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles .

In quantum world weird (mysterious) things happen . It follows uncertainty rules ( ruled by chance ) .

" Sometimes impossible things occur such as passing through the wall ."

Microscopic sub atomic world .

Quantum Cafe -> Here we can order one and get another ( its all about the probability ) .

.....Einstein then said one of the famous words " God does not throw dice " .

Einstein dint accept the idea of the " world of probability ( ruled by chance ) ."

In 1930's -> Two new forces came they were ,

1) Strong nuclear force (S.N.F.) , and

2) Weak nuclear force (W.N.F.) .

After these forces came -> E.M + S.N.F + W.N.F .

Gravity became a weak force and was overthrown .

" These new forces introduced nuclear bomb ( Nuclear fission and fusion at sub atomic level ) ."

Now two areas / field came which were need to be unified , they were :

" E.M + S.N.F + W.N.F " <--------> " G "

Quantum mechanics General relativity

In 1916 -> Black holes were discovered by " Karl Schwarzschild "

Black hole Black hole with corona .

At the center of black holes it is infinitely small so Quantum mechanics can be used .

But it is very heavy so relativity must be used .

If we have to use both then it will produce absurd (or) meaningless results , but Universe isn't meaningless .

Here comes the " STRING THEORY ( Vibrating strings ) ."

DARK MATTER .

DARK MATTER - fantasy (or) real ......!!!!!

Dark matter has always fascinated humans for its invisible occurrence .

Some think they are made up of :-

MACHO s (short for Massive Compact Halo Object ) .
Neutrinos ( Hot nonbaryonic matter ) .
WIMPS ( Weakly interacting massive objects ) .

Most fruitful example for its existence is the Coma cluster .

                                                                  COMA CLUSTER .

         Gravitational anomalies were considered to be indicative of unobserved mass ( Dark matter ) . They violated basic Newtonian gravity , galaxies of the Coma Cluster were moving too fast for the cluster to be bound together by the visible matter of its galaxies .
          About 90% of the mass of the Coma cluster is believed to be in the form of dark matter .

It is believed the invisible matter that we observe in this vast UNIVERSE is dark matter .
        Dark matter is estimated to constitute 84.5% of the total matter in the Universe .

Gravitational lensing .

A gravitational lens refers to a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source, as it travels towards the observer.

This was first seen in a quasar lensed by a galaxy in 1979. More commonly , the huge dark matter concentrations in clusters of galaxies create typical bending angles of 30 arcseconds , and multiple highly distorted images of a fortuitously aligned background source galaxy .